2005 civil unrest in France

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2005 French
civil unrest
A torched car in Strasbourg, 5 November.
Enlarge
A torched car in Strasbourg, 5 November.

The 2005 civil unrest in France of October and November was a series of riots and violent clashes, involving mainly the burning of cars and public buildings by groups of youths at night starting on October 27, 2005 in Clichy-sous-Bois. Events spread to poor housing projects (the cités HLM) in various parts of France. The state of emergency was declared on November 8, 2005 and police said things went back to normal on November 17, 2005. The biggest riots since the May 1968 unrest were triggered by the accidental death of two teenagers, Zyed Benna and Bouna Traoré, in Clichy-sous-Bois, a working-class commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, who were chased by the police and tried to hide from the police in a power substation where they died of electric shocks. The violence involved a majority of French citizens with North African origins, although it also included citizens from others cultural backgrounds [1]. These events led to strong debates about integration and discrimination in France.

Contents

[edit] Timeline

Main article: Timeline of the 2005 French civil unrest

While unrest had been building among the juvenile population in France, action was not taken until the reopening of schools in the fall, since most of the French population is on vacation during the late summer months. However, riots began on Thursday 27 October 2005, triggered by the deaths of two teenagers in Clichy-sous-Bois, a poor commune in an eastern banlieue (suburb) of Paris. Initially confined to the Paris area, the unrest subsequently spread to other areas of the Île-de-France région, and spread through the outskirts of France's urban areas, also affecting some rural areas. After 3 November it spread to other cities in France, affecting all 15 of the large aires urbaines in the country. Thousands of vehicles were burned, and at least one person was killed by the rioters. Close to 2900 rioters were arrested.

On 8 November, President Jacques Chirac declared a state of emergency effective at midnight. Despite the new regulations, riots continued, though on a reduced scale, the following two nights, and again worsened the third night. On 9 November and the morning of 10 November a school was burned in Belfort, and there was violence in Toulouse, Lille, Strasbourg, Marseille, and Lyon [1].

On 10 November and the morning of 11 November, violence increased overnight in the Paris region, and there were still a number of police wounded across the country [2]. According to the Interior Minister, violence, arson, and attacks on police worsened on the 11th and morning of the 12th, and there were further attacks on power stations, causing a blackout in the northern part of Amiens [3].

Rioting took place in the city center of Lyon on Saturday, 12 November, as young people attacked cars and threw rocks at riot police who responded with tear gas. Also that night, a nursery school was torched in the southern town of Carpentras [4].

On the night of the 14th and the morning of the 15th, 215 vehicles were burned across France and 71 people were arrested [5]. Thirteen vehicles were torched in central Paris, compared to only one the night before. In the suburbs of Paris, firebombs were thrown at the treasury in Bobigny and at an electrical transformer in Clichy-sous-Bois, the neighborhood where the disturbances started. A daycare centre in Cambrai and a tourist agency in Fontenay-sous-Bois were also attacked. Eighteen buses were damaged by arson at a depot in Saint-Etienne. The mosque in Saint-Chamond was hit by three firebombs, which did little damage [6].

Only 163 vehicles went up in flames on the 20th night of unrest, 15 November to 16, leading the French government to claim that the country was returning to an "almost normal situation". During the night's events, a Roman Catholic church was burned and a vehicle was rammed into an unoccupied police station in Romans-sur-Isère. In other incidents, a police officer was injured while making an arrest after youths threw bottles of acid at the town hall in Pont-l'Évêque, and a junior high school in Grenoble was set on fire. Fifty arrests were carried out across the country [7] [8].

On 16 November, The French parliament approved a three-month extension of the state of emergency (which ended on the 4 January 2006 [9]) aimed at curbing riots by urban youths. The Senate on Wednesday passed the extension - a day after a similar vote in the lower house. The laws allow local authorities to impose curfews, conduct house-to-house searches and ban public gatherings. The lower house passed them by a 346-148 majority, and the Senate by 202-125[10]. The same day, youths burned two cars, erected street barricades, and fired gunshots at police in the town of Pointe-à-Pitre on the island of Guadeloupe, a French territory in the Caribbean. Police returned fire.

A wine festival in Grenoble, Le Beaujolais nouveau, ended in rioting on the night of 18 November, with a crowd throwing rocks and bottles at riot police. Tear gas was deployed by officers. Sixteen youths and 17 police officers were injured. Though those events might have been easily linked with the riots in Paris suburbs, it appears they differ completely in nature and might just well be considered as predictable "wine festival" casualties, caused by misunderstanding and alcohol.

[11]

On December 10, France's highest administrative body, the Council of State, ruled that the three-month state of emergency decreed to guarantee calm following unrest was legal. It rejected a complaint from 74 law professors (led by Frédéric Rolin) and the Green party, declaring that the conditions that led to the unrest that started on October 27, the quick spread of violence and the possibility that it could recur justify the state of emergency, which is to end in mid-February. The Council of State argued that "each night, between 40 to 60 cars are torched, and we have to be cautious with New Year's Eve approaching". The complaint challenged the state of emergency's necessity, and said it compromised fundamental liberties. The Syndicat de la Magistrature, a magistrates' union, declared to Le Monde that "with such a decision, it can be feared that the state of emergency will be declared each Christmas".

The state of emergency was subsequently lifted in January 2006 by president Chirac.

[edit] The event that triggered the riots

Areas of Rioting in the Paris region as of 4 November
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Areas of Rioting in the Paris region as of 4 November

On Thursday 27 October 2005, a group of ten high school teenagers were playing football in the Paris suburb of Clichy-sous-Bois. The teenagers allegedly ran and hid when police officers arrived to conduct ID checks.

Three of the teenagers, thinking they were being chased by the police, climbed a wall to hide in a power substation. Citing two police investigations, The New York Times reported that the incident began at 17:20 on Thursday, 27 October 2005 in Clichy-sous-Bois when police were called to a construction site there to investigate a possible break-in. Six youths were detained by 17:50. During questioning at the police station in Livry-Gargan at 18:12, blackouts occurred at the station and in nearby areas. These were caused, police say, by the electrocution of two boys, Zyed Benna and Bouna Traoré, and an electric shock injury to the third. [12]

"According to statements by Mr. Altun, who remains hospitalized with injuries, a group of ten or so friends had been playing football on a nearby field and were returning home when they saw the police patrol. They all fled in different directions to avoid the lengthy questioning that youths in the housing projects say they often face from the police. They say they are required to present identity papers and can be held as long as four hours at the police station, and sometimes their parents must come before the police will release them." [13]

There is controversy over whether the teens were actually chased. The local prosecutor, François Molins, has said that although they believed so, the police were actually after other suspects attempting to avoid an identity check [14]. Molins and Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy maintain that the dead teenagers had not been "physically pursued" by the police. This is disputed by some: The Australian reports "Despite denials by police officials and Sarkozy and de Villepin, friends of the boys said they were being pursued by police after a false accusation of burglary and that they 'feared interrogation'" [15]. There were initial police accusations that the boys were thieves and well known by the police, accusations immediately echoed by Dominique de Villepin on national television, which turned out to be false and were later withdrawn. Such inconsistent statements by police and Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy have fueled public mistrust of the authorities since the riots began.

This event ignited pre-existing tensions. Protesters told The Associated Press the unrest was an expression of frustration with high unemployment and police harassment and brutality in the areas. "People are joining together to say we've had enough," said one protester. "We live in ghettos. Everyone lives in fear." [16][17] The rioters' suburbs are also home to a large, mostly North African, immigrant population, allegedly adding religious tensions which some right-wing commentators believed contribute further to such frustrations. However, according to Pascal Mailhos, head of the Renseignements Généraux (French intelligence agency) radical islamism had no influence over the 2005 civil unrest in France. [18]

[edit] Context

Main article: Social situation in the French suburbs
Rioters speak to a cameraman during the unrest (date unknown, before 12 November)
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Rioters speak to a cameraman during the unrest (date unknown, before 12 November)

Commenting other demonstrations in Paris a few months later, the BBC summarized reasons behind the events included youth unemployment and lack of opportunities in France's poorest communities [19]. But during the riots, many focused on other social issues and particularly on immigration and racial discrimination as rioteers were mostly second-generation immigrant youths.

The head of the French intelligence agency (Renseignements généraux - RG) denied any Islamic factor in the riots, while the New York Times reported on November 5, 2005 that "while a majority of the youths committing the acts are Muslim, and of African or North African origin" local residents say that "second-generation Portuguese immigrants and even many children of native French have taken part." [20]

The BBC reported that French society's negative perceptions of Islam and social discrimination of immigrants had alienated some French Muslims and may have been a factor in the causes of the riots; "Islam is seen as the biggest challenge to the country's secular model in the past 100 years" [21]. It reported that there was a "huge well of fury and resentment among the children of North African and African immigrants in the suburbs of French cities." [22]. However, the editorial also questioned whether or not such alarm is justified, citing that France's Muslim ghettos are not hotbeds of separatism and that "the suburbs are full of people desperate to integrate into the wider society." [23]

The inhabitants of the French suburbs (banlieue) suffer from unemployment at a much higher level than that of the rest of France. According to the BBC, unemployment of people of foreign origin is 1.5 times higher than that of people of French origin, after adjusting for educational qualifications.

Racial and social discrimination against persons with dark skin or Arabic and/or African-sounding names has been cited as a major cause of unhappiness in the areas affected. According to the BBC, "Those who live there say that when they go for a job, as soon as they give their name as "Mamadou" and say they live in Clichy-sous-Bois, they are immediately told that the vacancy has been taken." The nonprofit organization SOS Racisme, associated with the French Socialist Party (PS), said that after they sent identical curriculum vitaes (CVs) to French companies with European- and African or Muslim-sounding names attached, they found CVs with African or Muslim sounding names were systematically discarded. In addition, they have claimed widespread use of markings indicating ethnicity in employers' databases and that discrimination is more widespread for those with college degrees than for those without. [24] [25] [26]

[edit] Assessment of rioting

Assessments of the extent of violence and damage that occurred during the riots are under way. Figures may be incomplete or inaccurate. Some French media sources, including France 3, have decided not to report the extent of damage to avoid any risk of inflaming the situation. [27] After the first few days of rioting media organisations agreed to publish only the total number of torched cars, without giving locations, to avoid encouraging any type of contest between rioters. The French Federation of Insurance Companies (FFSA), has given a preliminary estimate for the total damage up to November 14, 2005 as being up to €200 million for property and casualty losses, inclusive of €20 million for torched cars.

Prime minister Dominique de Villepin, in an interview to the US TV channel CNN, said:

I am not sure you can call them riots. It's very different from the situation you have known in 1992 in L.A. for example. You had at that time 54 people that died, and you had 2,000 people wounded. In France during the 2 weeks period of unrest, nobody died in France. So, I think you can't compare this social unrest with any kind of riots.

[edit] Summary statistics

Further information: Timeline of the 2005 French civil unrest
  • Started: 17:20 on Thursday, 27 October 2005 in Clichy-sous-Bois.
  • Towns affected: 274 (on 7 November [28])
  • Property damage: 8,973 vehicles (Not including buildings).
  • Monetary damage: Estimated at €200 Million.

[edit] Figures and tables

Note: In the table and charts, events reported as occurring during a night and the following morning are listed as occurring on the day of the morning. The timeline article does the opposite.

Map showing the spread of civil unrest through the many different regions of France

day No. of vehicles burned arrests extent of riots sources
1. Friday October 28, 2005 NA 27 Clichy-sous-Bois [29]
2. Saturday October 29, 2005 29 14 Clichy-sous-Bois [30]
3. Sunday October 30, 2005 30 19 Clichy-sous-Bois [31]
4. Monday October 31, 2005 NA NA Clichy-sous-Bois, Montfermeil  
5. Tuesday November 1, 2005 69 NA Seine-Saint-Denis [32]
6. Wednesday November 2, 2005 40 NA Seine-Saint-Denis, Seine-et-Marne Val-d’Oise, Hauts-de-Seine  
7. Thursday November 3, 2005 315 29 Île-de-France, Dijon, Rouen, Bouches-du-Rhône [33]
8. Friday November 4, 2005 596 78 Île-de-France, Dijon, Rouen, Marseille [34] [35]
9. Saturday November 5, 2005 897 253 Île-de-France, Rouen, Dijon, Marseille, Évreux, Roubaix, Tourcoing, Hem, Strasbourg, Rennes, Nantes, Nice, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Pau, Lille [36] [37]
10. Sunday November 6, 2005 1,295 312 Île-de-France, Nord, Eure, Eure-et-Loir, Haute-Garonne, Loire-Atlantique, Essonne. [38]
11. Monday November 7, 2005 1,408 395 274 towns in total. Île-de-France, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Midi-Pyrénées, Rhône-Alpes, Alsace, Franche-Comté. [39] [40] [41]
12. Tuesday November 8, 2005 1,173 330 Paris region, Lille, Auxerre, Toulouse, Alsace, Lorraine, Franche-Comté [42] [43] [44]
13. Wednesday November 9, 2005 617 280 116 towns in total. Paris region, Toulouse, Rhône, Gironde, Arras, Grasse, Dole, Bassens [45][46]

[47][48] [49]
14. Thursday November 10, 2005 482 203 Toulouse, Belfort [50] [51]

[52]
15. Friday November 11, 2005 463 201 Toulouse, Lille, Lyon, Strasbourg, Marseille [53]
16. Saturday November 12, 2005 502 206 NA [54]
17. Sunday November 13, 2005 374 212 Lyon, Tolouse, Carpentras, Dunkirk, Amiens, Grenoble [55]
18. Monday November 14, 2005 284 115 Toulouse, Faches-Thumesnil, Halluin, Grenoble [56]
19. Tuesday November 15, 2005 215 71 Saint-Chamond, Bourges [57]

[58]
20. Wednesday November 16, 2005 163 50 Paris region, Arras, Brest, Vitry-le-François, Romans-sur-Isère [59] [60]
TOTAL 20 nights 8,973 2,888    

[edit] List of areas affected

French départements affected by 2005 civil unrest in France, as of 11 November 2005, are shown in red.
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French départements affected by 2005 civil unrest in France, as of 11 November 2005, are shown in red.

[edit] Île-de-France

[edit] Other French areas affected

On November 16 police and firemen in the Caribbean overseas département (département d'outre-mer or DOM) of Guadeloupe came under gunfire after hooded youths burned two cars and erected street barriers in the town of Pointe-a-Pitre, police said Wednesday. No one was injured as firemen fled the scene once the shooting broke out Tuesday night, when police returned fire against what they characterized as a trap set by snipers. Police believe the attack is linked to rioting in metropolitan France [63].

[edit] Related events in other countries

On Sunday, November 6, the first possibly related incident outside France took place. Five cars were torched in Saint-Gilles (Brussels), Belgium. Belgian police considered it an isolated case. [64] However, on Monday another five cars were torched in the region, as more were overturned and Molotov cocktails were thrown at the police. [65] In Liège, Sint-Niklaas, Bruges, and even the rural community of Dilbeek, there were isolated events of car burning and Molotov-throwing. [66] On November 8, there were twenty more acts of car burning, Molotov-throwing and other arson. New areas that were hit include Antwerp, Charleroi, Genk, Ghent, La Louvière and Lokeren. [67] On November 9 the police encountered conclusive evidence that the arson was inspired by the situation in France: on a torched car, the remark "Fuck you Sarkozy, Antwerp - Paris" was found. [68] In the evening, more than thirty new cases of torched cars and other arson were reported. Some twenty people in total were arrested. [69] On November 10, three people were arrested after some twenty five new crimes. Meanwhile, there were reports of radical weblogs, on popular online youth communities such as Skyblog [70], calling for a massive riot in Brussels on November 12. [71] On November 11, there were another thirty incidents and a couple of arrests. [72] On November 12, the expected coordinated riots became reality, and police arrested (and released) sixty out of one hundred rioters. However, some thirty cars were burned and one injured suspect was arrested. [73] Among the new places affected were Vilvoorde and the university city of Louvain-La-Neuve. On November 13, a truck set on fire caused a blaze that destroyed two buildings, including a school. [74] In the evening, there were some fifteen more cases of arson. [75] Since November 14, there have been some thirty more incidents. [76] However, media coverage in Belgium is subsiding.
A number of arson attacks occurred in Viby near Aarhus in Denmark in late October and early November. [77] Store-front windows were also smashed. After a community meeting, complete with social workers and police, relative calm was achieved over the weekend. However, a substantial police force had to be deployed on Wednesday, 9 November to restore order after store-smashing and attempted torchings recurred. [78][79] [80][81]
A number of arson attacks and other acts of vandalism, possibly inspired by the riots in France, have been committed in Germany. Six cars were set ablaze in Bremen and Berlin on the night between 6 November and 7 November. In the Moabit neighborhood of Berlin, five cars were set on fire. In Bremen, a caravan (camper) burned. Also in Cologne four cars have been torched. Police have not ruled out the possibility that these were copycat attacks related to those in France. [82] [83]
On 11 November, a group of around seventy youths attacked the French Institute building in Athens. [84]
About fifty anarchists firebombed two car dealerships in central Athens early Sunday, 13 November, destroying more than thirty automobiles. The Citroën and Mercedes showrooms were severely damaged. [85]
Two French businesses were attacked by some unidentified arsonists on Monday night, 14 November in Thessaloniki, northern Greece. A Renault car dealership was firebombed, destroying eight cars. A Carrefour supermarket was similarly attacked, suffering serious damage. [86]
During a 17 November demonstration in Patras commemorating the 1973 Greek student uprising, anarchists chanted about the unrest in France and tossed paint-bombs at a French institute. Chants included, "In Greece, France, Algeria, the enemy is in the banks and the ministries." [87] In Athens, eggs and paint were thrown at the French embassy, as demonstrators voiced their support for the rioters in France. [88]
On the night of 18 November gas bottles were exploded at an Chevrolet auto dealership, in Peristeri, a suburb of Athens, destroying two cars. [89]
Police made two arrests Sunday morning, 13 November, in Waalwijk in the southern province of North Brabant, after four cars were burned during Saturday night disturbances.
More than a dozen cars were firebombed and several others damaged in incidents in the Dutch port of Rotterdam on the night of Saturday, 12 November.[90].
On 6 November, twenty trash cans and six cars were burned in the city of Seville. [91] On 7 November, nineteen trash cans, five cars and a motorbike were torched in the same city. Firefighters attempting to extinguish the fire were injured by stones thrown by attackers. The subdelegate of the Spanish government in Seville considered it to be an isolated case. [92] [93] On 8 November, another car and fourteen trash cans were burned in many districts of Seville. [94] [95] The city council has imposed an information blackout over local police and firefighters, so they can't report new incidents to the press. It appears that these acts of vandalism are coordinated, because many fires start at the same time in different places of Seville. Also, four cars were torched in the city of Hospitalet de Llobregat. [96] According to the National Police, on 9 November also were some cars burned in Seville. [97] On Thursday, 10 November, an unknown number of cars have been burned in Seville. [98] Three cars were burned in Hospitalet de Llobregat and Barcelona. Also have been found some wall paintings in Barcelona with the message the fire is extending and Paris is burning. [99] On 11 November, a car, two motorbikes and thirteen trashcans were burned in Seville. Six people were arrested. [100].
On the night of Sunday, 13 November, two cars were burned in the Swiss town of Martigny. [101].

[edit] Response

Main article: Response to the 2005 civil unrest in France

[edit] Political

[edit] Allegations of an organized plot & Nicolas Sarkozy's controversial comments

Right wing Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy, probable contender for the 2007 election, declared a "zero tolerance" policy towards urban violence after the fourth night of riots and announced that seventeen companies of riot police (C.R.S.) and seven mobile police squadrons (escadrons de gendarmerie mobile) would be stationed in contentious Paris neighborhoods. Members of the government alleged an organized plot, which was afterward ridiculed by the Renseignements Généraux (the Intelligence service of the police) and Le Canard Enchaîné, Libération, L'Humanité and others newspapers. Sarkozy, for example, said that he believed that some of the violence may be at the instigation of organized gangs: "... All of this doesn't appear to us to be completely spontaneous," [102], while Paris conservative prosecutor Yves Bot told on Europe 1 radio on November 3 that "This is done in a way that gives every appearance of being coordinated." French national police spokesman, Patrick Hamon, was quoted in the Wall Street Journal as saying that there appeared to be no coordination among gangs in different areas. However, he said youths in individual neighborhoods were communicating by text messages, online blogs, and/or email — arranging meetings and alerting one another about possible police operations. This conspiracy theory was afterward denied by the head of the Renseignements Généraux (RG) itself, the French police intelligence agency, on November 23 [2].

Sarkozy reiterated his previous qualifications of housing projects youth as "rabble" or "scum", which, with his pre-riots call for the suburbs to be "cleaned with a Karcher" - a reference to a common brand of high-pressure industrial hose - were said by rioters to be one of the main reasons for the civil unrest. [103]

The Union of Islamic Organisations of France (UOIF) issued a fatwa against the riots, without much result. Dalil Boubakeur, mufti of Paris' Great Mosque and leader of the French Council of Musulman Faith (CFCM), as well as Marseilles's mufti, criticized the UOIF for this irrelevant fatwa and opposed Nicolas Sarkozy's controversial use of Islamic organizations, declaring that their role was not to intercede for the youth. Henceforth, the leading authorities of French Islamic organizations refused any political deviation of Islam, which was to be maintained in the private sphere as a personal matter.

The families of the two youths killed, after refusing to meet with Sarkozy, met with Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin. Azouz Begag, delegate minister for the promotion of equal opportunity, criticized Sarkozy for the latter's use of "imprecise, warlike semantics" [104], while Marie-George Buffet, secretary of the French Communist Party, criticized an "unacceptable strategy of tension" and the not less unexcusable definition of French youth as "scum" (racaille) by the Minister of Interior, Sarkozy; she also called for the creation of a Parliamentary commission to investigate the circumstances of the death of the two young people which lighted the riots [3].

[edit] State of emergency and measures concerning immigration policy

President Jacques Chirac announced a national state of emergency on 8 November. The same day, Lilian Thuram, a famous soccer member of the Higher Council for Integration, blamed Sarkozy: [105]. He explained that discrimination and unemployment were at the root of the problem. On 9 November 2005, Nicolas Sarkozy issued an order to deport foreigners convicted of involvement, provoking concerns from the left-wing, including, for example, SOS Racisme. He told parliament that 120 foreigners ; "not all of whom are here illegally" — had been called in by police, accused of taking part in the nightly attacks. "I have asked the prefects to deport them from our national territory without delay, including those who have a residency visa," he said. The far-right French politician Jean-Marie Le Pen agreed, stating that naturalized French rioters should have their citizenship revoked. The Syndicat de la Magistrature, a magistrate trade-union, criticized Sarkozy's attempts to make believe that most rioters were foreigners, whereas the huge majority of them were French citizens [2]. A demonstration against the expulsion of all foreign rioters and demanding the end of the state of emergency, was called for on November 15 in Paris by left-wing and human rights organizations.

On the 20 November 2005, Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin announced tightened controls on immigration: Authorities will increase enforcement of requirements that immigrants seeking 10-year residency permits or French citizenship master the French language and integrate into society. Chirac's government also plans to crack down on fraudulent marriages that a minority of immigrants use to acquire residency rights and launch a stricter screening process for foreign students. Anti-racism groups widely opposed the measures, saying that greater government scrutiny of immigrants could stir up racism and racist acts and that energy and money was best deployed for others uses than chasing an ultra-minority of fraudsters. [106]

[edit] Police

Police fire a flash-ball gun at youths; prior to or on 13 November.
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Police fire a flash-ball gun at youths; prior to or on 13 November.

Interior minister Sarkozy stated that police officers should be armed with non-lethal weapons to combat urban violence, which was widely criticized by NGOs and left-wings organizations [107]. Prior to the riots, he had already equipped the police with flash-ball and tasers, a measure criticized by Amnesty International, concerned by risks of abuse and possible lethal damage.

An extra 2,600 police were drafted on 6 November. On 7 November, French premier Dominique de Villepin announced on the TF1 television channel the deployment of 18,000 policemen, supported by a 1,500 strong reserve. Sarkozy also suspended eight police officers for beating up someone they had arrested after TV displayed the images of this act of police brutality. [108].

[edit] Media Coverage

Jean-Claude Dassier, News director general at the private channel TF1 and one of France's leading TV news executives, admitted to self censoring the coverage of the riots in the country for fear of encouraging support for far-right politicians; while public television station France 3 stopped reporting the numbers of torched cars, apparently in order not to encourage "record making" between delinquent groups. [109] [110]

Foreign news coverage was criticized by president Chirac as showing in some cases excessiveness (démesure)[111] and Prime Minister Villepin said in an interview to CNN that the events should not be called riots as the situation was not violent to the extent of the 1992 Los Angeles riots, no death casualties being reported during the unrest itself – although it had begun after the deaths of two youth pursued by the police.[112].

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ 10 Officers Shot as Riots Worsen in French Cities, New York Times, November 7, 2005
  2. ^ a b "Comprendre avant de juger : à propos des émeutes urbaines en France (by anthropologist Alain Morice)", Samizdat, December 31, 2005.
  3. ^ "La boîte de Pandore de Sarkozy", L'Humanité, November 3, 2005.
  1. ↑  Article from Le Monde
  2. ↑  "Scotsman" on renewal of state of emergency
  3. ↑  Indymedia on renewal of state of emergency, #torched cars
  4. ↑  "Each night between 40 and 60 cars are torched" according to the Council of State in "Le Canard Enchaine #4442, 14 December 2005.
  5. ↑  Renewal of state of emergency (article from Le Monde)

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