1947 UN Partition Plan
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On 29 November 1947 the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine or United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181, a plan to resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict in the British Mandate of Palestine, was approved by the United Nations General Assembly, at the UN World Headquarters in New York. The plan would have partitioned the territory of Western Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, with the Greater Jerusalem area, encompassing Bethlehem, coming under international control. The failure of the British government and the United Nations to implement this plan, prior agreement between the Jewish Agency and King Abdullah to divide Palestine between them,[1] and rejection of the plan by the Arabs resulted in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.
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[edit] Creation of the plan
After the First World War and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Palestine was placed under British mandate by the Allied Supreme Council, which met at the San Remo Conference in April 1920. The Balfour Declaration and increased anti-Semitism in Europe, which had been on the rise since the late 19th century, led to a greater Jewish influx following the war. In July 1920, the French drove Faisal bin Husayn from Damascus ending his control over Transjordan. The local sheikhs, who had earlier pledged their loyalty to Faisal's father Hussein bin Ali, the Sharif of Mecca, asked the British to undertake the region's administration. The High Commissioner of Palestine, Herbert Samuel, asked for the extension of the Palestine government's authority to Transjordan, but at meetings in Cairo and Jerusalem between Winston Churchill and Emir Abdullah in March 1921 it was agreed that Abdullah would administer the territory (initially for six months only) on behalf of the Palestine administration. In the summer of 1921 Transjordan (77% of Palestine) was included within the Mandate, but excluded from the provisions for a Jewish National Home.[2] This was viewed as a great injustice and huge division of the territory designated for the Jewish National Home by the Balfour Declaration according to the Jewish leaders [3] On 24 July, 1922 the League of Nations approved the terms of the British Mandate over Palestine and Transjordan. On 16 September the League formally approved a memorandum from Lord Balfour confirming the exemption of Transjordan from the clauses of the mandate concerning the creation of a Jewish national home and from the mandate's responsibility to facilitate Jewish immigration and land settlement.[4] The British proposed a divided Palestine between a Jewish and an Arab State, but in time changed their opinion (see: 1939 White Paper) and sought to limit Jewish immigration from Europe to a minimum. This was seen as betrayal of the terms of the mandate especially in light of the Holocaust in Europe and was met with a popular uprising and guerrilla war from Jewish militant groups that finally forced the British to leave Palestine and hand the problem over to the United Nations.
The United Nations, the successor to the League of Nations, attempted to solve the dispute between the Jews and Arabs in Palestine. On May 15, 1947 the UN appointed a committee, the UNSCOP, composed of representatives from eleven states. To make the committee more neutral, none of the Great Powers were represented. After spending three months conducting hearings and general survey of the situation in Palestine, UNSCOP officially released its report on August 31. A majority of nations (Canada, Czechoslovakia, Guatemala, Netherlands, Peru, Sweden, Uruguay) recommended the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states, with Jerusalem to be placed under international administration. A minority (India, Iran, Yugoslavia) supported the creation of a single federal state containing both Jewish and Arab constituent states. Australia abstained.
On November 29, the UN General Assembly voted 33 to 13, with 10 abstentions, in favour of the Partition Plan, while making some adjustments to the boundaries between the two states proposed by it. The division was to take effect on the date of British withdrawal. Both the United States and Soviet Union agreed on the resolution. In addition, pressure was exerted on some small countries by Zionist sympathizers in the United States.[5]
The 33 countries that voted in favour of the partition, as set by UN resolution 181: Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Belarus, Canada, Costa Rica, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Guatemala, Haiti, Iceland, Liberia, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Sweden, South Africa, Ukraine, United States, USSR, Uruguay, Venezuela.
The 13 countries that voted against UN Resolution 181: Afghanistan, Cuba, Egypt, Greece, India, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Yemen.
The ten countries that abstained: Argentina, Chile, Republic of China, Colombia, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Honduras, Mexico, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia.
One state (Thailand) was absent.
Following the adoption of the plan, Arab countries proposed to query the International Court of Justice on the competence of the General Assembly to partition a country against the wishes of the majority of its inhabitants (it would place 36% of the Arabs inside the Jewish state). This was narrowly defeated.[5]
Meeting in Cairo in November and December of 1947, the Arab League then adopted a series of resolutions aimed at a military solution to the conflict.
[edit] The division
Palestine's land surface was approximately 26,320,505 dunums (26,320 km²), of which about one third was cultivable. By comparison, the size of modern day Israel (as of 2006) is 20,770,000 dunums (20,770 km²) (Israel#Geography Geography of Israel). The land in Jewish possession had risen from 456,000 dunums (456 km²) in 1920 to 1,393,000 dunums (1,393 km²) in 1945[6]) and 1,850,000 dunums (1,850 km²) by 1947 (Avneri p. 224).[7] Regarding the Arab ownership, the Survey of Palestine puts the amount of land owned by Arabs at 24,670,455 dunums (24,670 km²) in 1945 (Land Ownership of Palestine). The MidEast Web, however, states "At the time of partition, slightly less than half the land in all of Palestine was owned by Arabs, slightly less than half was "crown lands" belonging to the state, and about 8% was owned by Jews or the Jewish Agency."[8]
See also: Land ownership of the British Mandate of Palestine
The UN General Assembly made a non-binding recommendation for a three-way partition[9] of Palestine into a Jewish State, an Arab State and a small internationally administered zone including the religiously significant towns Jerusalem and Bethlehem. The two states envisioned in the plan were each composed of three major sections, linked by extraterritorial crossroads. The Jewish state would receive the Coastal Plain, stretching from Haifa to Rehovot, the Eastern Galilee (surrounding the Sea of Galilee and including the Galilee panhandle) and the Negev, including the southern outpost of Umm Rashrash (now Eilat). The Arab state would receive the Western Galilee, with the town of Acre, the Samarian highlands and the Judean highlands, and the southern coast stretching from north of Isdud (now Ashdod) and encompassing what is now the Gaza Strip, with a section of desert along the Egyptian border. The UNSCOP report placed the mostly-Arab town of Jaffa, just south of Tel Aviv, in the Jewish state, but it was moved to form an enclave part of the Arab State before the proposal went before the UN.
The land allocated to the Arab state (about 43% of Mandatory Palestine[10]) consisted of all of the highlands, except for Jerusalem, plus one third of the coastline.
The Jewish state was to receive 56% of Mandatory Palestine, a slightly larger area to accommodate the increasing numbers of Jews who would immigrate there.[10] The state constituted the western side of "Historic Palestine", and included three fertile lowland plains — the Sharon on the coast, the Jezreel Valley and the upper Jordan Valley.
The bulk of the proposed Jewish State's territory, however, consisted of the Negev Desert. The desert was not suitable for agriculture, nor for urban development at that time. The Jewish state was also given sole access to the Red Sea and the Sea of Galilee (the largest source of fresh water in Palestine). The land allocated to the Jewish state was largely made up of areas in which there was a significant Jewish population[11].
The plan tried its best to accommodate as many Jews as possible into the Jewish state. In many specific cases, this meant including areas of Arab majority (but with a significant Jewish minority) in the Jewish state. Thus the Jewish State would have an overall large Arab minority. Areas that were sparsely populated (like the Negev), were also included in the Jewish state to create room for immigration in order to relieve the "Jewish Problem"[12].
| Territory | Arab population | % Arab | Jewish population | % Jewish | Total population | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arab State | 725,000 | 99% | 10,000 | 1% | 735,000 | |
| Jewish State | 407,000 | 45% | 498,000 | 55% | 905,000 | |
| International | 105,000 | 51% | 100,000 | 49% | 205,000 | |
| Total | 1,237,000 | 67% | 608,000 | 33% | 1,845,000 | |
| Data from the Report of UNSCOP — 1947 | ||||||
The UNSCOP Report also noted that "in addition there will be in the Jewish State about 90,000 Bedouins, cultivators and stock owners who seek grazing further afield in dry seasons."[13]
[edit] Reactions to the plan
The majority of the Jews and Jewish groups accepted the proposal, in particular the Jewish Agency, which was the Jewish state-in-formation. A minority of extreme nationalist Jewish groups like Menachem Begin's Irgun Tsvai Leumi and Yitzhak Shamir's Lehi, (known as the Stern Gang) which had been fighting the British, rejected it. Begin warned that the partition won't bring peace because the Arabs will also attack the small state and that "in the war ahead we'll have to stand on our own, it will be a war on our existence and future".[14] Numerous records indicate the joy of Palestine's Jewish inhabitants as they attended to the U.N. session voting for the division proposal. Up to this day, Israeli history books mention November 29th (the date of this session) as the most important date in Israel's acquisition of independence, and many Israeli cities commemerate the date in their streets' names. However, Jews did criticise the lack of territorial continuity for the Jewish state.
The Arab leadership (in and out of Palestine) opposed the plan, arguing that it violated the rights of the majority of the people in Palestine, which at the time was 67% non-Jewish (1,237,000) and 33% Jewish (608,000). Arab leaders also argued a large number of Arabs would be trapped in the Jewish State as a minority. While some Arab leaders opposed the right of the Jews for self-determination in the region, others criticised the amount and quality of land given to Israel.
On the day after the vote, a spate of Arab attacks left seven Jews dead and scores more wounded. Shooting, stoning, and rioting continued apace in the following days. The consulates of Poland and Sweden, both of whose governments had voted for partition, were attacked. Bombs were thrown into cafes, Molotov cocktails were hurled at shops, a synagogue was set on fire. On December 3, at the instigation of the Palestinian leadership, a large mob ransacked the new Jewish commercial center in Jerusalem, looting and burning shops and stabbing and stoning whomever they happened upon. The next day, some 120–150 armed Arabs attacked Kibbutz Efal, on the outskirts of Tel Aviv, in the first large-scale attempt to storm a Jewish village.[15] However, according to Ilan Pappe, these events were the result of hot-headed youth on both sides.[16]
The United Kingdom refused to implement the plan arguing it was not acceptable to both sides. It also refused to share with the UN Palestine Commission the administration of Palestine during the transitional period, and decided to terminate the British mandate of Palestine on May 15th, 1948.[5]
Fighting began almost as soon as the plan was approved, beginning with the Arab Jerusalem Riots of 1947. The fighting would have an effect on the Arab population of Palestine, as well the Jewish populations of neighboring Arab countries.
- See also: Jewish exodus from Arab lands and Jewish refugees
- See also: Palestinian exodus and Palestinian refugees
[edit] Text of the Resolution
- from the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- from the Yale Law School
- Information on UN 181 from The Jerusalem Fund/Palestine Center
- United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine
[edit] See also
- Arab revolt
- Hussein-McMahon Correspondence
- Sykes-Picot Agreement
- Mandate for Palestine
- Balfour Declaration 1917
- Napoleon and a Jewish state in Palestine
- Faisal-Weizmann Agreement
- Churchill White Paper, 1922
- 1922 Text: League of Nations Palestine Mandate
- Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, May 14, 1948
- Jewish refugees
- Palestinian refugees
- Immigration to Israel
- 1947 Jerusalem riots
- 1948 Arab-Israeli War
- 1949 Armistice Agreements
- Arab-Israeli conflict
- Israeli-Palestinian conflict
- Proposals for a Palestinian state
- Jewish exodus from Arab lands
- Palestinian exodus
- Map comparing 1947 partition plan borders with 1949 armistice lines
[edit] Notes
- ^ Louis, 1986, p. 374.
- ^ Gelber, 1997, pp. 6–15.
- ^ See for example: Shamir, Moshe "Yair" 2001, page 203 and Katz, Shmuel "Battleground" 1973, page 67: "The Zionist leaders were stunned at the threat of cutting 3/4 of the area of the Jewish national home... and reaffirmed uniamously their demand to the eastern land of Israel during the Zionist congress in 1923"
- ^ Sicker, 1999, p. 164.
- ^ a b c "Palestine". Encyclopedia Britannica Online School Edition, 2006. 15 May 2006.
- ^ Khalaf, 1991, pp. 26–27.
- ^ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified. United States Central Intelligence Agency (10 August 2006).
- ^ Brief History at MidEastWeb.
- ^ Israeli History at RepresentativePress.
- ^ a b UN Partition Plan at Merip.
- ^ Map of population distribution at Passia.
- ^ The Jewish Problem at MidEastWeb.
- ^ Domino.
- ^ Begin, Menachem, The Revolt 1978, p. 412.
- ^ MeForum.
- ^ Pappe, Ilan. A History of Modern Palestine. pg. 128
[edit] References
- Bregman, Ahron (2002). Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28716-2
- Arieh L. Avneri (1984). The Claim of Dispossession: Jewish Land Settlement and the Arabs, 1878–1948. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-87855-964-7
- Fischbach, Michael R. (2003). Records of Dispossession: Palestinian Refugee Property and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12978-5
- Gelber, Yoav (1997). Jewish-Transjordanian Relations 1921-48: Alliance of Bars Sinister. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-4675-X
- Khalaf, Issa (1991). Politics in Palestine: Arab Factionalism and Social Disintegration, 1939-1948. SUNY University Press. ISBN 0-7914-0707-1
- Louis, Wm. Roger (1986). The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822960-7
- "Palestine". Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition, 15 May 2006.
- Sicker, Martin (1999). Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831–1922. Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-96639-9
