1281
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Years: 1278 1279 1280 - 1281 - 1282 1283 1284 |
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| Decades: 1250s 1260s 1270s - 1280s - 1290s 1300s 1310s |
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| Centuries: 12th century - 13th century - 14th century |
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| 1281 by topic | |
| Politics | |
| State leaders - Sovereign states | |
| Birth and death categories | |
| Births - Deaths | |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories | |
| Establishments - Disestablishments | |
| Gregorian calendar | 1281 MCCLXXXI |
| Ab urbe condita | 2034 |
| Armenian calendar | 730 ԹՎ ՉԼ |
| Chinese calendar | 3917/3977-12-9 (庚辰年十二月初九日) — to —
3918/3978-11-19(辛巳年十一月十九日) |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1273 – 1274 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5041 – 5042 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1336 – 1337 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1203 – 1204 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4382 – 4383 |
| Iranian calendar | 659 – 660 |
| Islamic calendar | 680 – 681 |
| Japanese calendar | |
| - Imperial Year | Kōki 1941 (皇紀1941年) |
| - Jōmon Era | 11281 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1824 |
Contents |
[edit] Events
[edit] Europe
- Pope Martin IV succeeds Pope Nicholas III as the 189th pope.
- Pope Martin IV authorizes the Ninth Crusade against the newly re-established Byzantine Empire in Constantinople; French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following year.
[edit] Middle East
- October 29 - Mamluk sultan Qalawun defeats an invasion of Syria by Mongol Ilkhan Abaqa Khan at the 2nd Battle of Homs.
- Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire, becomes bey of the Sögüt tribe in central Anatolia; in 1299 he will declare independence from the Seljuk Turks, marking the birth of the Ottoman Empire.
- An offensive by the Byzantine Empire significantly reduces the size of the Kingdom of Albania, as it recaptures land seized from the Despotate of Epirus by Charles I of Sicily ten years earlier.
[edit] Asia
- August 15 - The second Mongol invasion of Japan is foiled at the Battle of Kōan (or Battle of Hakata Bay) as a large typhoon — famously called a kamikaze, or divine wind — destroys much of the combined Chinese and Korean fleet and forces, numbering over 140,000 men and 4,000 ships.
- Kublai Khan orders the burning of sacred Taoist texts, resulting in the reduction in number of volumes of the Dao Zheng (Taoist Canon) from 4,565 to 1,120.
- The Mon kingdom of Haripunchai falls as its capital Lamphun (in present-day Thailand) is captured by King Mengrai's Lannathai kingdom.
[edit] Births
- Richard De Bury, English statesman (died 1345)
- Castruccio Castracani, duke of Lucca (died 1328)
- Yuri III Danilovich, Grand Prince of Russia (died 1325)
- Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster (died 1345)
- Hamdollah Mostowfi, Ilkhanid Iranian historian (died 1349)
- Rudolph I of Bohemia (died 1307)
